BENG W1101x-W1102y Elementary Bengali, I and II 4 pts. Introductory courses to Bengali, a major language of northeast India and Bangladesh.

BENG W1201x-W1202y Intermediate Bengali, I and II 4 pts. Prerequisites: BENG W1101-W1102 or the instructor's permission. Further develops a student's knowledge of Bengali, a major language of northeast India and Bangladesh.

HAUS W1101x-W1102y Elementary Hausa, I and II 4 pts. Presents the essential grammar and basic vocabulary of Hausa, a major language of northwestern Nigeria and the adjacent southern Niger. Also provides students with the opportunity to practice speaking and reading the Hausa language.

HAUS W1201x-W1202y Intermediate Hausa, I and II 4 pts. Prerequisites: HAUS W1101-W1102 or the instructor's permission. Further develops a student's knowledge of Hausa, a major language of northwestern Nigeria and the adjacent southern Niger.

HNGR W1101x-W1102y Elementary Hungarian, I and II 4 pts. Introduction to the basic structures of the Hungarian language. With the instructor's permission the second term of this course may be taken without the first. Students with a schedule conflict should consult the instructor about the possibility of adjusting hours.

HNGR W1201x-W1202y Intermediate Hungarian, I and II 4 pts. Prerequisites: HNGR W1101-W1102 or the equivalent. Further develops a students's knowledge of the Hungarian language. With the instructor's permission the second term of this course may be taken without the first. Students with a schedule conflict should consult the instructor about the possibility of adjusting hours.

HNGR W3340x-W3341y Advanced Hungarian, I and II 3 pts. Prerequisites: HNGR W1201-W1202 or the equivalent. W3340 focuses on the more complex syntactic/semantic constructions in addition to vocabulary enrichment. Readings in literature, oral presentations, translations, and essays serve to enhance the grammatical material.W3341 has an emphasis on rapid and comprehensive reading of academic materials. In addition to weekly readings, oral presentations and written essays serve to improve fluency in all aspects of Hungarian.

PUNJ W1101x-W1102y Elementary Punjabi, I and II 4 pts. Introduction to Punjabi, a major language of northern India and Pakistan. Beginning with the study of the Gurmukhi script, the course offers an intensive study of the speaking, reading, and writing of the language.

PUNJ W1201x-W1202y Intermediate Punjabi, I and II 4 pts. Prerequisites: PUNJ W1101-W1102 or the instructor's permission. Further develops a student's writing, reading, and oral skills in Punjabi, a major language of northern India and Pakistan.

RMAN N0121y Comprehensive Elementary Romanian 4 pts. Same course as Comprehensive Elementary Romanian W1121, on a noncredit basis.

RMAN N0221y Comprehensive Intermediate Romanian 4 pts. Prerequisites: Elementary Romanian (I and II), Comprehensive Elementary Romanian, or equivalent, or placement test. Same course as Comprehensive Intermediate Romanian W1221, on a noncredit basis.

RMAN W1101x-W1102y Elementary Romanian, I and II 4 pts.Not offered in 2013-2014. Provides students with an introduction to the basic structures of the Romanian language.

RMAN W1121x or y Comprehensive Elementary Romanian 4 pts. This course is designed for students who had no previous experience with Romanian. It will provide those who take it with the basic skills that enable them to communicate at a basic level and will thus prepare the class for the next level of study. As accelerated learning of a language is conceived as a "theater of the mind", the course will rely mostly on in-class activities meant to activate all the four skills (listening, reading, speaking, writing) in accordance with the proposed level of performance. The number and quantity of homework will be reduced, so that the students will be "putting" their knowledge and skills to work. They will also be introduced in authentic linguistic environments (places and venues of the Romanian community in NYC, meetings with fellow students who are native speakers etc). This class is the equivalent to classes in the regular RMAN W1101-1102 sequence.

RMAN W1201x-W1202y Intermediate Romanian, I and II 4 pts.Not offered in 2013-2014. Prerequisites: RMAN W1101-W1102 or the instructor's permission. Further explores the grammatical and linguistic structures of the Romanian language.

RMAN W1221x or y Comprehensive Intermediate Romanian 4 pts. Prerequisites: Elementary Romanian (I and II), Comprehensive Elementary Romanian, or equivalent, or placement test. The course addresses those who have previous knowledge of Romanian and who want to extend their communicative capacities in the language as well as to expand the vocabulary. An accelerated course needs to create a rather theatrical approach where students feel comfortable with their previous knowledge and gain confidence, while working for their B2 level. As many intermediate students partially or completely qualify as "independent users", the course will put their experience to work and focus on real-life communication situations. This class is the equivalent to classes in the regular RMAN W1201-1202 sequence.

RMAN W4051x Directed Readings in Romanian 3 pts.

SWHL W1101x-W1102y Elementary Swahili, I and II 4 pts. Essentials of grammar, basic vocabulary, practice in speaking and reading Swahili the most widely used indigenous language of East Africa.

SWHL W1201x-W1202y Intermediate Swahili, I and II 4 pts. Prerequisites: SWHL 1101-1102 or instructor's permission A review of the essentials of Swahili grammar; detailed analysis of Swahili texts; practice in conversation.

SWHL W3335x-W3336y Advanced Swahili, I and II 3-4 pts. Prerequisites: SWHL W1201-W1202 or intructor's permission. An introduction to the advanced syntactical, morphological, and grammatical structures of Swahili grammar; detailed analysis of Swahili texts; practice in conversation.

TAGA W1101x-W1102y Elementary Filipino, I and II 4 pts. Introduction to Tagalog with an emphasis on mastering basic skills and working vocabulary. Linguistic rules are applied to enable the student to communicate with more competence. Lessons incorporate discussions on history, current events, literature, pop culture, and native values. Includes field trips to Filipino neighborhoods in Queens and Jersey City. Note: This course is part of the language exchange program with New York University (NYU). Classes will be held at NYU.

TAGA W1201x-W1202y Intermediate Filipino, I and II 4 pts. Prerequisites: TAGA W1101-W1102 or the instructor's permission. Emphasis is placed on the linguistic rules to enable students to communicate with more competence. The lessons will not only focus on language but also will use a holistic approach and incorporate discussions on history, current events, literature, pop culture and native values. Note: This course is part of the language exchange program with New York University (NYU). Classes will be held at NYU.

TAML W1101x-W1102y Elementary Tamil, I and II 4 pts. Introduces students to basic grammatical and syntactical skills required to function adequately in a Tamil-speaking environment. Of particular interest to students planning to conduct scholarly research or fieldwork in their chosen specialty in that region of the world. Introduces students to the rich culture of the Indian subcontinent where Tamil is spoken.

TAML W1201x-W1202y Intermediate Tamil, I and II 4 pts. Prerequisites: TAML W1101-W1102 or instructor's permission. Further develops a student's written and oral proficiency in order to allow them to function adequately in a Tamil-speaking environment. These courses are of particular interest to students planning to conduct scholarly research or fieldwork in their chosen specialty in a Tamil-speaking context. Develops a student's appreciation for the rich culture of the Indian subcontinent where Tamil is spoken.

TAML W4111x-W4112y Advanced Tamil, I and II 4 pts. Prerequisites: TAML W1201-1202 or instructor's permission Introduces students develops to advanced grammatical and syntactical structures of the Tamil language in order to allow them to function adequately in a Tamil-speaking environment. These courses are of particular interest to students planning to conduct scholarly research or fieldwork in their chosen specialty in a Tamil-speaking context. These courses also develop a student's appreciation for the rich culture of the Indian subcontinent where Tamil is spoken.

WLOF W1101x-W1102y Elementary Wolof, I and II 4 pts. Introduction to the basic grammatical structures of Wolof, a major language of West Africa spoken in Senegal and Gambia.

WLOF W1201x-W1202y Intermediate Wolof, I and II 4 pts. Prerequisites: WLOF W1101-W1102 or the instructor's permission. Further develop a student's knowledge of Wolof, a major language of West Africa spoken primarily in Senegal and Gambia.

ZULU W1101x-W1102y Elementary Zulu, I and II 4 pts. Introduces students to the basic structures of Zulu, a Bantu language spoken in South Africa, especially in the Zululand area of KwaZulu/Natal province.

ZULU W1201x-W1202y Intermediate Zulu, I and II 4 pts. Prerequisites: ZULU W1201-W1202 or the instructor's permission. Provides students with an in-depth review of the essentials of the Zulu grammar. Students are also able to practice their language skills in conversation.

CANT W1101x-W1102y (Section 001) Elementary Cantonese, I and II 4 pts. These courses introduce students to both the spoken and written Cantonese language, with achieving conversational proficiency being a primary goal. The courses emphasize oral expressions, listening comprehension and grammar. They are designed to give beginning students a practical command of the language. Upon completion of the course, students can expect to converse in simple sentences, and recognize and write about 350 Chinese characters. Students with passable conversation ability or native speakers from Cantonese-speaking communities should not enroll in these courses. Note: These courses are part of the language exchange program with New York University (NYU). Classes will be held at NYU.

CANT W1201x-W1202y (Section 001) Intermediate Cantonese, I and II 4 pts. Prerequisites: CANT W1101-W1102 or the instructor's permission. These courses further continue the study of the Cantonese language. Emphasis is on linguistic rules to enable students to communicate with more competence. The lessons will not only focus on language, but also incorporate discussions on history, current events, literature, popular culture, and native values. Includes field trips to Chinatown and other Cantonese-speaking neighborhoods. Note: These courses are part of the language exchange program with New York University (NYU). Classes will be held at NYU.

INDO W1101x-W1102y Elementary Indonesian, I and II 4 pts. These courses offers students an introduction to the basic structures of the Indonesian language, a major language of Indonesia and South East Asia.

INDO W1201x-W1202y Intermediate Indonesian, I and II 4 pts. Prerequisites: INDO W1101-W1102 or the instructor's permission. These courses further develop a student's knowledge of Indonesian, a major language of Indonesia and South East Asia.

PULA W1101x-W1102y Elementary Pulaar, I and II 4 pts.Not offered in 2013-2014. These courses offer students an introduction to the basic structures of Pulaar, a major language of West Africa.

PULA W1201x-W1202y Intermediate Pulaar, I and II 4 pts. Prerequisites: PULA W1101-W1102 or the instructor's permission. These courses further develop a student's knowledge of Pulaar, a major language of West Africa.

UZBK W1101x-W1102y Elementary Uzbek, I and II 4 pts.Not offered in 2013-2014. These courses offer students an introduction to the basic structures of Uzbek, a major language of Central Asia.

UZBK W1201x-W1202y Intermediate Uzbek, I and II 4 pts. Prerequisites: UZBK W1101-W1102 or the instructor's permission. These courses further develop a student's knowledge of Uzbek, a major language of Central Asia.

GEOR N0102x-N0202y Intermediate Georgian, I and II 4 pts. Prerequisites: GEOR W1101-W1102 or the instructor's permission. Same course as Georgian W1102 and W1202, on a noncredit basis.

GEOR W1101x-W1102y Elementary Georgian, I and II 4 pts. To provide students with basic speaking, reading, writing, and listening competence in the Georgian language.

GEOR W1201x-W1202y Intermediate Georgian, I and II 4 pts. Prerequisites: GEOR W1101-W1102 or the instructor's permission To provide students with intermediate-level speaking, reading, writing, and listening competence in the Georgian language. Emphasis will be placed on the development of critical reasoning, reading, and writing skills through engagement with Georgian literature and other primary source texts.

VIET W1101x-W1102y Elementary Vietnamese, I and II 4 pts. These courses introduce students to the linguistic and grammatical structures of Vietnamese, a major language of South East Asia.

KANN W1101x-W1102y Elementary Kannada, I and II 4 pts. Introduction to Kannada, one of the major Dravidian languages of Southern India and the state language of Karnataka, one of the four southern states in India.

EGYP W1101x-W1102y Elementary Ancient Egyptian, I & II 4 pts.

EGYP W1201x-W1202y Advanced Ancient Egyptian I, II 4 pts. Corequisites: EGYP W1101-W1102 or the instructor's permission. Advanced readings in ancient Egyptian texts.

ARAM W1101x Elementary Aramaic I: Biblical Aramaic 3 pts. Prerequisites: One year of classical Hebrew or the equivalent. Introduction to the various phases of Aramaic. Readings are selected from early and imperial documents, including Elephantine and inscriptions.

ARAM W1102y Elementary Aramaic II: Qumran Aramaic 3 pts. Prerequisites: Students are encouraged but not required to take ARAM W1101 prior to enrolling in ARAM W1102. Introduction to Aramaic documents found at Qumran and contemporary sites. This represents the intermediate phase of Aramaic and Bar Kokhba texts.

AKAD W1101x-W1102y Elementary Akkadian, I & II 3 pts.Not offered in 2013-2014. Introduction to cuneiform script and to the Akkadian language, with emphasis on grammatical structure.

AKAD W1201x-W1202y Intermediate Akkadian, I & II 3 pts. Prerequisites: AKAD W1101-W1102 or instructor's permission. Reading of Akkadian literature.

TELU W1101x-W1102y Elementary Telugu, I and II 4 pts. Introductory course to Telugu, the official language of the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. Note: EMAIL INSTRUCTOR FOR MORE INFORMATION AT apk42@columbia.edu.

TELU W1201x-W1202y Intermediate Telugu, I and II 4 pts. Prerequisites: TELU W1101-W1102 or the instructor's permission Further develops a student's knowledge of Telugu, the official language of the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. Note: E-MAIL INSTRUCTOR FOR MORE INFORMATION AT apk42@columbia.edu.

IRSH W1101x-W1102y Elementary Irish, I & II 4 pts. These courses introduce students to the rudiments of the Irish language, including phonemes and pronunciation, syntactical structure, and verbal conjugations. In addition, a history of the language is provided, as well as a general introduction to Irish culture, including discussions of family and place names. Students are encouraged to begin speaking with basic sentence structures eventually expanding into more complex verbal conjugations while concentrating on idiomatic expressions. The accumulation of vocabulary is stressed and students are introduced to basic literature in Irish while developing beginning conversational fluency.

IRSH W1201x-W1202y Intermediate Irish, I & II 4 pts. Prerequisites: IRSH W1101-W1102 or instructor's permission. For the more advanced student of Irish, these courses focus on improving conversational fluency and on expanding vocabulary through reading complex literature in Irish, and writing in the Irish language, further encouraging students to strengthen their pronunciation and command of spoken Irish.

QUCH W1101x-W1102y Elementary Quechua, I & II 4 pts. Quechua is the most important and most widely-distributed indigenous language in South America, with over10 million speakers living from the high mountains to the tropical lowlands in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. Those who speak it call the language runa simi or runa shimi, "human speech." It was the principal language of the Inca empire and the key language of cultural interaction during the colonial era. Quechua has remained central to indigenous peoples' efforts to preserve their cultural autonomy. It has gained greater force in recent years, during which indigenous movements have swept Quechua speakers into national politics, where they have succeeded in transforming constitutions to recognize cultural diversity, making Quechua an official language of state, and successfully promoting schooling in the language.Students who satisfactorily complete Elementary Quechua I and II will be well-prepared for intensive summer study at one of many summer study abroad programs in Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia that will put them in closer contact with the indigenous world.